Golfo di Trieste: possibili inquinanti e patologie correlate
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Golfo di Trieste: possibili inquinanti e patologie correlate
Golfo di Trieste: possibili inquinanti e patologie correlate Prof. Mariano Cherubini International Society of Doctors for Environment già docente nell’ Università di Trieste, (Semeiotica e Metodologia Chirurgica, Chirurgia Geriatrica) The distribution of chemicals does not depend only on pollution sources situated inside the considered area, but can also be affected by meteorological factors as rain and wind. “Bora” is a very strong, persistent, and well-directioned wind. (P. Barbieri, 1998) The Bora wind (mean velocity of 6 m/s) is the main agent for renewal of the furface water in this area, intensifying the counterclockwise circulation at all depths. (F.Stravisi, 1983) The Bora wind from ENE, promote the circulation of surface layers towards the open sea and recall clearer water from the Istrian coast (E. Reisenhofer, 1996) From : V. Malacic, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slo (pers. comm.) A sn: circolazione ciclonica (L), a ds. circolazione anticiclonica (H) Arenile marino: caratteristiche chimiche (Arpa 28.2.2006) Arsenico, cromo, zinco risultano più elevati rispetto a dati precedenti. Da P.Sottile a P. Sdobba l’ Alluminio supera la concentrazione del 4.5%. Da P. Sdobba alla Foce Tagliamento le concentrazioni sono inferiori. Mercurio più elevato nell’area occidentale. Cadmio ha valori costanti. Nichel e Piombo hanno valori talora sopra i valori guida (DM 367/2003). Idrocarburi policiclici aromatici e diossine, nella zona Punta Sottile-Miramare superano le concentrazioni del DM, specie nell’area portuale di Trieste. O. Bajt, 2003…evident impact of maritime traffic on pollution of the sea. The concentration of hydrocarbons (in sediment samples, as perylene, pyrene, anthracene, chrysene, etc.) were much higher …in the middle of the Gulf and in the surrounding area under their influence. P. Barbieri, 1998: A chemometric survey of 3 sites in Muggia Bay. Methods voltammetrically. Examined: Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn. Conclusion: diffuse source for Pb, probably atmospheric deposition. Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Trieste (northen Adriatic sea). E. Heath, N. Ogrinc, J Faganeli, S.Covelli Water, Air, and Soil Pollution:Focus (2006) 6:241 • We observe an increasing input of PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) hydrocarbons) since the beginning of the 20th century… century…coinciding with increasing industrialization and urbanization of the region.This is… is…an indication of combustion processes and represent a marker for anthropogenic inputs. inputs. • G. Adami, P. Barbieri, S. Piselli, S. Predonzani, E. Reisenhofer.: Persistent organic pollutants (PAHs and PCBs)in surface sediments of an industrialized area (Harbour of Trieste) J. Environ Monit. Monit. 2000: industrial origin of PAHs detected here… here….The activities of the steelmaking factory, involving foundry coke uses, uses, could be the main cause of the diffusion of PAHs. PAHs. The pipeline terminal should not have implied significant spillage of petrolium here • Heavy Metals and nutrients in coastal, surface seawaters (Gulf of Trieste, Northen Adriatic Sea): an environmental study by factor analysis • • • • E. Reisenhofer, Reisenhofer, G.Adami, G.Adami, A.Favretto Fresenius J Anal Chem (1996),354:729 Trace metals and nutrients were monitored voltammetrically and spectrophotometrically during a 1 year period… period…at 6 different sites in the Gulf… Gulf… The coastal waters seem to be comparable to, to, or better than, than, waters of analogous areas in the Mediterrean Sea. Sea. HEAVY METALS POLLUTION INTO THE MARANO LAGOON IN NORTHERN ITALY A. Piacenti*, Metallurgical Engineering Piacenti*, M. Ferrini*, Ferrini*, F. La Marca*, Marca*, Department of Chemical, Materials, Raw Materials and Metallurgical University Rome“ Rome“La Sapienza” Sapienza”, Rome, Rome, Itally° National Research Council, Rome, Italy, 2000 As a consequence of industrial and natural pollution from near mercury bearing region of Idria, Idria, a very high level of heavy metals content has been revealed. Samples have been taken concerning sediments, water and lagoon vegetation. vegetation. Chemical analyses have shown the existence of diffused mercury and chromium pollution. pollution. It has been demonstrated that mercury is transferring from sediments to the trophic chain, chain, until fish and at least to the men. men. The distribution of pollution agents in the lagoon is pointed out utilizing geostatistical methods in order to localize sediments to be removed for remediation purpose of sea roads into into the lagoon. A strategy for sediments removal by selective drainage of the lagoon has been pointed pointed out. out. Past and present samplings (sediments, (sediments, water, plants) plants) and related chemical analyses indicate a diffuse pollution from mercury and chromium in sediments of the MaranoMarano-Grado lagoons, lagoons, coherent with the previous data reported in literature. literature. Geostatistical analysis allows to distribute contamination on a risk map of the lagoon. Contamination due to mercury is particularly interesting, since transferred to feed chain,involving human health. Polluted areas are mainly close to industrial settlements on Cormor river mouth (chromium) and on AussaAussa-Corno river mouth (mercury). (mercury). A high concentration in mercury has been found also close to Isonzo river mouth, still transporting mercury tailings of ceased mining and metallurgical activities located in the high basin of the river. Metalli Pesanti nelle lagune di Marano e Grado Prof. Antonio Brambati Regione Autonoma FVG, dic 96 Acque, sedimenti, flora e fauna possono presentare valori di mercurio superiori a quelli considerati “di fondo”… fondo”… Il pesce rappresenta la via di assunzione di gran lunga superiore agli altri alimenti… alimenti… L’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità Sanità: dose massima di Hg ingeribile/settimana= ingeribile/settimana= 300 ug di metilmercurio/persona metilmercurio/persona (di 70 kg.). Ev. effetti neg. neg. Hg: Hg: turbe neurologiche e ritardo mentale. L’accumulo di Hg appare reversibile, con rilascio lento (Renzoni (Renzoni,, Bacci 78). Possono associarsi metalli pesanti: pesanti: Pb, Pb, Fe, Fe, Cr, Cr, Cu, Ni, Ni, Zn, Zn, Mn con Al (Covelli (Covelli S.,2006) Mercury contamination of coastal sediments as the result of long-term cinnabar mining activity (Gulf of Trieste, northen Adriatic sea). S.Covelli, J. Faganeli, M. Horvat, A. Brambati (Applied Geochemistry, 2001 • Mercury contents are very high along the littoral zone of the northen (Italian) Italian) sector where this metal is present • in detrital form (cinnabar) cinnabar) in sandysandy-silty sediments near the river mouth (Isonzo) and the surrounding beaches. beaches. • Mercury Transport and Transformations in the Wider Idrija Region and the • • • • • Gulf of Trieste. M.Horvat, M. Hines, J Faganeli et Coll., American Geophysical Union, 2001 The Idrija mercury mine in Slovenia is the II largest Hg mine in the world, which was in operation continually for 500 years until about 20 years ago. 73% of the Hg mined was recovered, recovered, and the remaining 17% dissipated into the environment. environment. Hg in the terrestrial environment of the region is effectively transferred from soil (and air) to vegetation, vegetation, herbivores and carnivores… carnivores… and through the Soca river (Isonzo) to the marine environment. environment. The contaminated soils in the Idrjia region are continuously eroded and serve as a continuous source for the river, river, the flood plains, plains, and the Gulf of Trieste. The main source of MeHg is the bottom sediment of the coastal region leading to increased levels of Hg in marine fish. fish. Inquinanti marini La flotta navale mondiale (70.000 navi) brucia 200-350 milioni di tonnellate di idrocarburi (D.Gregory, British Petrolium Marine, 2007), parte sversati in mare. Il traffico marittimo produce il 4% delle emissioni totali di CO2, oltre 600 milioni di tonellate/anno (corrispondente al doppio di quanto rilasciato dall’aviazione civile), brucia diesel, catrame, oli pesanti, carbone… aumentando il gas serra e contribuendo al riscaldamento del pianeta. Commercial ships spew half as much particulate pollution as world’ world’s cars (AGU 2009) Andrà attribuito un tetto alle emissioni? (V. Ferrara, Conferenza nazionale sul Clima, 2007) From Municipality of Koper Sea pollution. Slovenian sea surface: only 200 km2 (1/3 of the Gulf of Trieste), depth from 20 to 30 m Main problems: → inadequate wastewater treatment plan and obsolete sewage system weak sea currents exchange of water less intensive pollution from the coast, hinterland and on the sea (localised and generalised sources) → transport (3 large Ports in the North Adriatic) → tourism (coastal line overburdening) Other polluters: industry (Kemiplas, Lama, Group Tomos Promo, Cimos), marina, agriculture,... “cross-border” pollution Mercury exposure and effects • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Mercury and its compounds are highly toxic to humans, ecosystems and wildlife. Possible harmful effects on the cardiovascular, immune and reproductive systems. Large predatory fish have much higher levels of methylmercury in their bodies than non-predatory fish. Dental amalgam. Skin-lightening creams and soaps Methilmercury is a well documented neurotoxicant and with clear neurodevelopmental effect. Carcinogenic effect Inhalation of the vapours: tremors, emotional lability, insomnia, memory loss, neuromuscolar changes, headaches. Effects on kidney (reversible) and thyroid. Minamata disease (Industrial disaster:pollution 1932-1968 Effetti sulla salute 1 • Cromo • • • • • • Allergie, rash cutanei, irritazioni Ulcere gastro-duodenali Broncopatie Depressione immunitaria Insuff. renale ed epatica Alterazioni genetiche, Ca.polmonare • Idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (benzoapirene, ecc.) • • • • Broncopatia cronica Effetti sul sistema riproduttivo Danni cutanei, epatici, renali Neoplasie (Effetti mutageni) Effetti sulla salute 2 – – – – – Piombo (Saturnismo = avvelenamento cronico da Pb.) (Pioggie acide) Ipertensione Ritardo mentale (Turbe nella conduzione SNC) Danni renali, danni cardiovascolari, danni al sistema riproduttivo Arsenico – Dolori addominali – Vomito, sete, disidratazione, cefalea – Diarrea, tenesmo, cistiti Effetti sulla salute 3 Diossine • • • • • • • • • Cloracne Insufficienza epatica, renale Modificazioni glicemiche “Disruption of the endocrine system” Depressione immunitaria Modifiche del sistema riproduttivo Deformità scheletriche Monossido di carbonio Compromissione del sistema cardio-vascolare < attenzione (compromissione SNC) • Ossido e biossido di azoto, ossido di zolfo Effetti irritativi, broncopatia cronica, aterosclerosi, ipertensione Effetti sulla salute 4 Amianto (Da fibre asbestiformi nei porti, arsenali, navi) Mesoteliomi pleurici, tumori polmonari • Ozono • Indice di inquinamento fotochimico • < acuità visiva e visione notturna • Secchezza ed irritazione delle mucose • Irritazione delle vie respiratorie, asma • Benzene: • leucemia Discariche, interramenti, aree coinvolte, parte in corso di bonifica (18.5.08), Trieste. 1. Terrapieno di Barcola (Cu,Pb, idrocarburi, diossina) 2. Discarica scalo legnami 3. Deposito Ferriera 4. Area Ezit 5. Rio Ospo 6. Spiaggia oltre porto S.Rocco 7. Interramento Acquario (P.Olmi-P.Sottile, Pb, Hg, idrocarburi) La fonderia L’inquinamento (grave) del suolo e del mare… è stato giustificato attraverso i dati del Ministero dell’Ambiente (G. Palladini 20.6.07). 2005 Emissioni di diossina dal camino E5. L’irrorazione con urea permise il ripristino funzionale. 2006 Le PM 10 hanno sforato per 50 e 47 gg vs. 35 gg/anno consentiti (in via Sv. e Carp.). 2007 (20.6) Le PM 10 sono costituite da carbone (65%), Fe (25%), inerti (10%). Episodiche emissioni di anidride solforosa, di benzene (12.8 vs.8 microgr.), di benzoapirene (5.6 vs. 1 ng/rc). 2008 Sforamenti per 102 gg. di PM10 (No smog, riportato l’ 11.9.08) Waste incineration = inceneritore con recupero energetico (Trieste) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Presupposto 1: Non discariche Presupposto 2: Razionalizzazione, Raccolta differenziata Politica delle R (riduzione della produzione, recupero, riutilizzo, riciclaggio, riuso, riparazione) Termovalorizzatore E. 3: produce 90 GWh di energia elettrica. Utilizza come combustibile 160.000 tonnellate di rifiuti. Ricavato: 41% di scorie ( sabbia, ghiaietta, ghiaietta, ghiaia, rifiuti non triturati –FeFe-) Temperatura dei forni: 985° 985°-1100° 1100° Rifiuti riciclabili: consorzio per Fe alluminio; olio vegetale; inerti; elettrodomestici, imballaggi di carta, plastica e vetro; sostanze biodegradabili, batterie, legno. Produzione di vapore acqueo. Produzione di corrente elettrica. Depurazione dei fumi di emissione. Le emissioni in atmosfera vengono misurate. Adverse effects on health attributable to air pollution: • • • • • • • • • • • • Proportion of population affected Severity Early mortality Cardiorespiratory disease Hospital admission Asthma exacerbation Doctor consultancy Impaired physical condition Pharmaceuticals use Symptoms, discomfort Reduced lung function Sub-clinical effects Esempio: A Trieste, usando i dati 2002, sono attribuibili all’esposizione PM 10 superiori a 20 ng/m3, 1.8% decessi per cause naturali, 2.2% cardiovascolari, 2.5% respiratorie (R.Tominz,B.Mazzoleni, F.Daris, A.Piscanz 2007) Fig.: Massa, superficie e numero delle polveri in base al diametro. Da Oberdoster,environmental Health, in mal’aria, Legambiente 2008 In ambiente urbano PM 2.5 rappresenta il 60-80% delle PM 10. (Martuzzi M., 2006) Da dove proviene il particolato urbano? Da automezzi, centrali termiche, emissioni industriali, camini, fabbriche, venti… Considerare l’esistenza di particolato ultrafine, fine (PM 0.1-2.5), grossolano (PM 2.5-10).”Air pollution particles,in susceptible individuals, increase severity of inflammatory (citokine induction, macrophages…) and infectious disease. (S. Becker 2003) N° Giorni PM10 > 50ug/m3 nelle Prov. della Regione F.V.G., sec. ISTAT (2008) 60 50 40 PN UD GO TS 30 20 10 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Fisiopatologia (in parte da P.M.Mannucci 2008 e integrata) • • • • • • • • • • • Polveri da combustione Alterato controllo cardiaco del S.N.A.- modif. FC Nanop. penetrazione alveolo-polm.-> || circolazione || Aritmia-morte improvvisa <--- modif.riflessi neuronali polmonari disionia- flogosi-vasocostrizioneARS.-trombosi (<t.protr.,>PCR >fibrinogeno,>adesione endot.) >SO2 + CO - >FC (studio Monica) PM 10 o PM 2.5 -> PA, <FC (in poche ore) • Link carcinogenetico (tumori del polmone, encefalo,…) Osservazioni precedenti (controlli minori, maggiore industrializzazione) • Occupational exposure and lung cancer risk in a coastal area of Northeastern Italy • M.Bovenzi, G.Stanta, G.Antiga, P.Peruzzo, F.Cavalieri, 1993 • (A significant excess risk for lung cancer was observed in iron and metalware workers) • Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in Trieste; F.Barbone,M.Bovenzi, F.Cavallieri, G.Stanta, 1995. (The risk of lung cancer increased with increasing level of air pollution for all types of lung cancer) • Air pollution and Lung Cancer in Trieste, Italy: Spatial analysis of risk as a function of • • distance from sources. A. Biggeri, F.Barbone, C. Lagazio, M.Bovenzi, G.Stanta, 1996. (The risk of lung cancer was highly related to the city center and to the incinerator. …The iron foundry lie on the same line along a north-south direction.) Distretti sanitari e incidenza tumori. • Un’analisi epidemiologica è stata condotta sulla popolazione triestina, divisa per distretti sanitari nell’epoca 95-03. • Risultati: Non vi é eccesso di rischio globale, né correlabile ad esposizioni a diossine o idrocarburi policliclici aromatici. • Trieste, nel suo complesso ha un superiore rischio medio del 14% (per i tu.), rispetto al resto della Regione. • L’incidenza del mesotelioma e ca. esofageo incrementata, potrebbe legarsi ad antichi cantieri navali, ferrovie, inquinamento indoor. • Dati riportati da R.Tominz, D. Germano, M. Bovenzi, G. Mustacchi 26. 7. 2008 Incidenza di tumori (M,F) nel FVG nel periodo 2003-2007 (dal Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della salute. I.S.S.) 3260 3240 3220 3200 3180 3160 3140 3120 3100 3080 3060 2003-2007 M (pop.-11.163) 2003-2007 F(pop. -17.567) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Prevalenza di tumori maligni, nelle donne, nel periodo 2003-2007 (da Banca Dati Tumori) F.V.G. Prevalenza di tumori maligni, negli uomini, nel periodo 2003-2007 (da Banca Dati dei Tumori) F.V.G. Importanza della “Qualità della vita” U.Veronesi 17.9.08 • I tumori sono conseguenti a mutazioni indotte da agenti ambientali posti nell’aria, nelle radiazioni, nel cibo, nell’acqua e conseguono alle abitudini di vita (es. fumo, alcool),… Dove non arriva la prevenzione primaria, arriva la prevenzione secondaria (diagnosi precoce, ricerca di tumori occulti, apporto dell’imaging, screening ecc.) The New England Journal of Medicine 2009;360:376-86 C.Arden Pope III et Al.: Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the U.S.A. • Results • A decrease of 10 µg per cubic meter in the concentration of fine particulate matter was associated with an estimated increase in mean (±SE) life expectancy of 0.61±0.20 year (P = 0.004). The estimated effect of reduced exposure to pollution on life expectancy was not highly sensitive to adjustment for changes in socioeconomic, demographic, or proxy variables for the prevalence of smoking or to the restriction of observations to relatively large counties. Reductions in air pollution accounted for as much as 15% of the overall increase in life expectancy in the study areas. • Conclusions • A reduction in exposure to ambient fine-particulate air pollution contributed to significant and measurable improvements in life expectancy in the United States. Thank you Prof. M.Cherubini